OFLOXACIN

OFLOXACIN

  Ofloxacin  a  broad-spectrum most potent bactericidal drug. It is a latest drug of fluroquinolones.

Mechanism of action:

    It inhibits the bacterial DNA synthesis, by inhibiting DNA gyrase, which reverses the super coiling of DNA strands, the enzyme that maintains the helical twists in DNA . Thus it kills the bacteria by inhibiting the Synthesis.

INDICATION :

→     Typhoid and paratyphoid fever                                                             →     Urinary tract infection                                                          

→     Ear, nose and throat infection

→      Respiratory tract infection                                                   

 →     Skin and soft tissue infection

 →     It is also used in multi drug resistance tuberculosis

   PREPARATION:             

It usually available in tablet and suspension such as:

Ofloxacin tablet 100mg , 200mg and 400mg

Ofloxacin suspension 50mg/5ml and 100mg/5ml

 DOSE  :

Adult:200-400mg bid 5 to 10 days

ADVESE EFFECT:

CNS: somnolence, seizures, depression, sleep disorder

GIT:nausea, , dry mouth, abdominal pain, disguise, pseudomembranous colitis

Mis: anaphylaxis, chest pain, trunk pain, phlebitis.

CONTRAINDICATION:

Hypersensitivity to fluoroquinolones

DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES

Diabetic neuropathies are neuropathic disorders that are associated with diabetes mellitus. These conditions are thought to result from diabetic micro vascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves in addition to macrovascular  conditions that can culminate in diabetic neuropathy.

Also see this video

Signs and symptoms :

Diabetic neuropathy affects all peripheral nerves including pain fibers, motor neurons and the autonomic nervous system. It therefore can affect  all organs and systems may include Numbness, Erectile dysfunction, Urinary incontinence, vision changes, Difficulty swallowing, Speech impairment etc.

Also See about Jaundice

Causes of diabetic neuropathies :

•  Metabolic factors, such as high blood glucose, long duration of diabetes, abnormal blood fat levels, and possibly low levels, of insulin.
• Neurovascular factors, leading to damage to the blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to nerves .
• Autoimmune factors that cause inflammation in nerves.
• Mechanical injury to nerves, such as carpal tunnel syndrome.
• Inherited traits that increase susceptibility to nerves disease.
• Types of diabetic neuropathy :
• Peripheral neuropathy, the most common type of diabetic neuropathy, causes pain or loss of feeling in the toes, feet, legs hands, and arms.
• Autonomic neuropathy causes changes in digestion, bowel and bladder function, sexual response, and perspiration. It can also affect the nerves that serve the heart and control blood pressure, as well as nerves in the lungs and eyes
• Proximal neuropathy causes pain in the things, hips, or buttocks and leads to weakness in the legs.
• Focal neuropathy results in the sudden weakness of one nerve or a group of nerves, causing muscle weakness or pain. Any nerves in the body can be affected.

Jaundice

             
 Jaundice is a disorder of body characterized by yellowing of the skin and the sclera or whites of the eye. It is not a disease but only a sign to many other disease. The basic causes of the discords are due to the high level of chemical bilirubin in the blood. Jaundice can occur when too much bilirubin builds up in the body due to excess dying or breakdown of RBC and reach to the liver. Any condition that disrupts the movement of bilirubine (Waste products that's produce when RBC breaks down) forms the blood to the liver and out of the body can causes jaundice.

Symptoms

      * Extreme fever in addition to have headache, weakness and                loss of appetite.

      * Yellow discoloration of the eyes, tongue, skin, nail and                    darkish yellow urine.

      * Dull pain, over the liver region.

      *   Itching in the whole body.

Treatments:

                          A.)   Non-pharmacological Treatment:

     * Tomatoes are considered to be best food to be consumed when you are suffering from jaundice.

     * At least twice a day take a glass of sugar cane juice.

     * Consumes plenty of boiled water, coconut water, radish and             papaya.

     * Avoid all types of meats, tea, narcotics, coco juices and                     alcohol etc.

                          B.)    Pharmacological Treatment:

     * Tablets of liv-52 or syrup 1-2 TSP thrice daily along with                  heavy doses of vitamin B-Complex

     *   Cap. Cobadex or cap. Becosules 2-4 Capsules daily after                  meals

Symptoms o Anemia

About AIDS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

  AIDS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

                              AIDS is a fatal disease which ultimately leads the patients to death. AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It proves to be cause as the HIV attacks and destroys the cells of immune system of the body. The full from of HIV is Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Nowadays it has emerged as a global problem. HIV infected people are reported to have been spread all over the world, but the developing countries have shared a higher percentage. It is more rapidly increasing in developing countries than in developed countries.

                               AIDS is an incurable disease. The complete cure for it has not been discovered yet. The symptoms at the initial stage of it are unclear. Some of the common symptoms of HIV infection are regular fever more than three weeks, loss of weight more than ten percent of the original weight, regular diarrhea more than three weeks and skin rash.

                             At any stage, it can be passed on from one person to another. It is transmitted through the sexual intercourse with a person infected with HIV, the transfusion of HIV infected blood, the use of not properly sterilized needles and other skin piercing instruments previously used on the HIV infected patients and the HIV infected mothers to their babies. It is not confined to drug addicts but can strike anybody. The most dangerous and serious medium of its transmission is sexual intercourse. A single sexual intercourse with the person infected with the HIV can be enough to be transmitted from one person to another. It does not transmit through shaking hands, touching, hugging. Food, water and insects like mosquitoes.

                           There are some responsible factors which helps to spread AIDS. The people in developing countries are not completely aware of this fatal disease. They do not know how to be safe from it. The second factor is the poverty of the people. Some girls and women are compelled to be sex employees. Girls traffickers sell the innocent and ignorant girls to the illegal sex employers. People go to prostitution houses to satisfy their sexual needs. But they are likely to be victimized by HIV infection. They may transmit the HIV to other sex partners. Thus AIDS is rapidly spreading all over the world.

                              AIDS can be controlled implementing some effective measures. Firstly, public awareness should be promoted. Secondly, poverty alleviation programs should be implemented in the developing countries. Thirdly, girls trafficker and sex employers should be severely punished by law of the state. Doctors, nurses and other health workers should be very careful in blood transfusion and using needles.

As AIDS is an incurable disease, it must be controlled at any cost. If we cannot control it in time, the whole world will be victimized very badly. Specially, developing countries should be more careful to control it because the number of the HIV infected patients in these countries is increasing rapidly. Therefore, it is a great problem that needs averting.